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Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: The frailty index is a predictor of cause-specific mortality independent of familial effects from midlife onwards: a large cohort study

Fig. 1

Time-constant associations between a 10% increase in the FI and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Increased FI significantly predicted higher risks of deaths due to all causes, CVD, and respiratory-related causes in time-constant models in both men and women. No significant associations were observed for cancer mortality. The associations of FI did not exhibit marked differences among single responders, same-sex DZ twins, and MZ twins, and the associations were also similar in men and women. All models considered attained age as time scale, adjusted for BMI, years of education, and tobacco use status, and additionally adjusted for history of CVD, respiratory diseases, or cancer in corresponding cause-specific mortality analysis

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