Fig. 4

Associations between TI and PM_2.5 or NO₂ exposure during pregnancy or during childhood. Estimates are given as change (95% CI) for every IQR increase in PM_2.5 (two darker gray dots) or NO₂ (two lighter gray dots). Minimally adjusted models were adjusted for sex and age (years); fully adjusted models were adjusted for age (years), sex, ethnicity, mean arterial blood pressure and BMI of the child at the moment of the follow-up visit, the season in which the follow-up examination took place, birth weight (grams), maternal age at the birth of her child and pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education level, alcohol use of the mother during pregnancy, smoking habits of the mother before and during pregnancy, and the exposure of the child to passive smoking. ^aModel adjusted for the three pregnancy trimester-averaged exposures levels. ^bModel adjusted for exposure on the day of the follow-up visit and exposure of the day preceding the follow-up visit. ^cModel adjusted for exposure on the day of the follow-up visit and exposure of the week preceding the follow-up visit. ^dModel adjusted for exposure on the day of the follow-up visit and average childhood exposure from the day of birth until the day before the follow-up examination. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PM_2.5, particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 μm; TI, tortuosity index. *p ≤ 0.05