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Table 3 Impact on utilization indicators

From: Decentralized facility financing versus performance-based payments in primary health care: a large-scale randomized controlled trial in Nigeria

Indicator

Baseline coverage

Change from baseline

Quasi-experimental adjusted DiD

Experimental DiD

Control

PBF

DFF

Control

PBF

DFF

PBF vs. control

DFF vs. control

PBF vs. DFF

mCPR (%)

18.9

17.7

16.2

2.2

9.8

7.6

5.7**

3.3

2.1

Penta3 immunization (%)

35.9

47.9

33.1

−0.3

11.9

19.3

11.1**

20.6***

−6.0*

Institutional delivery (%)

55.8

47.7

54.4

4.2

17.9

7.7

6.7*

−3.1

10.1***

At least 4 ANC visits (%)

46.0

51.9

52.1

4.1

2.8

5.1

−3.7

−3.5

−2.5

ITN use by under-fives (%)

45.6

46.6

42.5

18.9

15.7

19.7

−0.9

3.2

−5.6*

Out of pocket payment for curative care on children under-five (in naira)

261.8

222.5

201.9

−14.45

110.8

233.9

59.6

237.1

−122.2

Winsorized out of pocket payment for curative care on children under-five (in naira)

58.85

222.5

201.9

188.53

110.8

233.9

7.2

17.9**

−11.7

  1. The impacts of the program on service utilization for antenatal care and curative care for children younger than 5 years of age. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, and ***p<0.01. Due to the presence of influential outliers, we also present the out-of-pocket payment winsorized at 5%