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Table 1 Population characteristics by quintiles of energy from cumulative average total protein intake (% of energy)

From: Variety and quantity of dietary protein intake from different sources and risk of new-onset diabetes: a Nationwide Cohort Study in China

Characteristics

Quintiles of cumulative average protein intake, % of energy

P value

Q1 (<10.6)

Q2 (10.6 ≤ 11.6)

Q3 (11.6 ≤ 12.6)

Q4 (12.6 ≤ 14.0)

Q5 (≥14.0)

N

3252

3252

3252

3252

3252

 

Male, No. (%)

1428 (43.9)

1549 (47.6)

1613 (49.6)

1691 (52.0)

1660 (51.0)

< 0.001

Age, years

44.0±16.0

42.3±14.8

42.3±14.7

42.5±15.5

44.6±15.4

< 0.001

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

119.5±19.1

118.6±16.6

119.0±17.1

119.9±17.2

121.6 ±16.2

< 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

77.0±11.4

77.0±10.7

77.3±10.6

77.6±10.7

78.6±10.1

< 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m2

22.2±3.3

22.5±3.3)

22.7±3.2

23.1±3.3

23.6±3.4

< 0.001

Smoking, No. (%)

965 (29.8)

1027 (31.7)

1031 (31.8)

1019 (31.5)

1049 (32.3)

0.232

Alcohol drinking, No. (%)

1000 (31.2)

1078 (33.6)

1131 (35.1)

1224 (38.1)

1306 (40.4)

< 0.001

Urban residents, No. (%)

719 (22.1)

894 (27.5)

1069 (32.9)

1455 (44.7)

2004 (61.6)

< 0.001

Regions, No. (%)

< 0.001

Central

1306 (40.2)

1357 (41.7)

1604 (49.3)

1682 (51.7)

1870 (57.5)

 

North

688 (21.2)

735 (22.6)

620 (19.1)

621 (19.1)

820 (25.2)

 

South

1258 (38.7)

1160 (35.7)

1028 (31.6)

949 (29.2)

562 (17.3)

 

Physical activity, No. (%)

< 0.001

Low

962 (29.8)

982 (30.6)

1077 (33.6)

1150 (35.7)

1195 (37.1)

 

Moderate

871 (27.0)

959 (29.9)

1017 (31.8)

1183 (36.8)

1326 (41.1)

 

High

1391 (43.1)

1269 (39.5)

1109 (34.6)

885 (27.5)

704 (21.8)

 

Occupation, No. (%)

< 0.001

Farmer

1625 (50.6)

1488 (46.3)

1252 (38.9)

738 (22.9)

225 (7.0)

 

Worker

250 (7.8)

311 (9.7)

411 (12.8)

481 (14.9)

442 (13.7)

 

Unemployed

786 (24.5)

782 (24.3)

828 (25.7)

974 (30.2)

1218 (37.6)

 

Other

549 (17.1)

631 (19.6)

731 (22.7)

1035 (32.1)

1351 (41.7)

 

Education, No. (%)

< 0.001

Illiteracy

993 (31.3)

725 (22.9)

685 (21.5)

510 (16.1)

324 (10.1)

 

Primary school

770 (24.3)

790 (24.9)

679 (21.3)

490 (15.4)

369 (11.5)

 

Middle school

929 (29.3)

1017 (32.1)

1092 (34.3)

1093 (34.4)

962 (29.9)

 

High school or above

478 (15.1)

638 (20.1)

728 (22.9)

1084 (34.1)

1560 (48.5)

 

Cumulative average dietary intake

Variety of protein

3.0±1.5

3.4±1.5

3.6±1.5

3.8±1.4

3.6±1.4

< 0.001

Energy, Kcal/day

2200.9±539.6

2201.4±479.7

2181.8±470.9

2138.5±498.6

1964.3±520.0

< 0.001

Fat, % of energy

31.8±11.6

29.8±9.1

29.9±9.3

32.1±9.0

34.5±8.8

< 0.001

Carbohydrate, % of energy

58.5±11.4

59.1±9.2

58.0±9.3

54.7±9.1

49.5±9.2

< 0.001

Protein, g/day

53.5±14.2

61.3±13.4

65.9±14.3

70.6±16.6

78.4±22.3

< 0.001

Fiber, g/d

9.8±5.1

10.8±5.0

11.2±5.3

10.8±5.7

10.2±6.5

< 0.001

Sodium to potassium ratio

3.9±2.6

3.3±1.8

3.2±1.8

3.1±1.7

2.9±2.1

< 0.001

  1. Variables are presented as mean ± SDs or N (%)