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Table 4 Associations of ultra-processed food intake and its consumption patterns with type 2 diabetes risk at baselinea

From: Ultra-processed food and incident type 2 diabetes: studying the underlying consumption patterns to unravel the health effects of this heterogeneous food category in the prospective Lifelines cohort

Ultra-processed food consumption (patterns)

Standardized beta-coefficientsb

Total ultra-processed food intake

0.052 (0.045, 0.059)

Warm savory snack pattern

0.091 (0.082, 0.101)

Traditional Dutch cuisine pattern

− 0.032 (− 0.041, − 0.023)

Sweet snack pattern

− 0.104 (− 0.113, − 0.094)

Cold savory snack pattern

0.041 (0.032, 0.050)

  1. aType 2 diabetes risk at baseline was assessed by PROCAM diabetes risk algorithm (Supplementary Table S2)
  2. bStandardized beta-coefficients (95% CI) derived from multivariate linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, Lifelines diet score, alcohol intake, smoking status, educational level, non-occupational moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level, and TV watching time, all P values < 0.001, n = 70,085