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Fig. 3 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 3

From: Gut microbiota signatures of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary pattern and cardiometabolic health: a prospective cohort study

Fig. 3

Distinct gut microbial signatures between long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns. A Association of long-term and short-term PDI with Firmicutes. Beta values were calculated for Q2-Q5 of the PDI using Q1 as the reference group using linear mixed models. All models used sampling location as a random effect and simultaneously adjusted for age, sex, BMI, total energy intake, physical activity, education, smoking and alcohol drinking status, habitual tea and coffee consumption, and urbanization index. The p-value for trend was calculated based on per quintile difference in the corresponding plant-based diet index. The relative abundance of microbial taxonomy was transformed using rank-based inverse normal transformation before analysis. B The number of nominally significant taxonomic associations observed in genus and ASV level with long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns (Q5 vs. Q1 p<0.05). The bars with stripes represent those significant after FDR adjustment (q<0.25). C Associations of long-term and short-term plant-based dietary patterns and its constituent food groups with microbial genera with the asterisks denoting significant associations (FDR q < 0.25). Beta coefficients were derived from multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models as above for Q5 of each dietary indicator using Q1 as the reference group. The relative abundance of microbial taxonomy was transformed using rank-based inverse normal transformation before analysis. Microbial genera with no significant associations are not shown. The number of each microbe’s associations with dietary indicators is written within cells when significant. FDR, false discovery rate; hPDI, healthful plant-based diet index; PDI, plant-based diet index; Q, quintile; uPDI, unhealthful plant-based diet index. *FDR q < 0.25, ** FDR q < 0.05

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