From: Retinal age gap as a predictive biomarker of stroke risk
Baseline characteristics | Total | Retinal age gap | P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
N | 35,304 | 7061 | 7061 | 7061 | 7061 | 7060 | - |
Age, mean (SD), years | 56.7 (8.04) | 63.4 (4.59) | 60.5 (6.02) | 57.1 (6.84) | 53.0 (7.39) | 49.4 (6.18) | <0.001 |
Gender, No. (%) | |||||||
 Female | 19,730 (55.9) | 3557 (50.4) | 3929 (55.6) | 3963 (56.1) | 4135 (58.6) | 4146 (58.7) | <0.001 |
 Male | 15,574 (44.1) | 3504 (49.6) | 3132 (44.4) | 3098 (43.9) | 2926 (41.4) | 2914 (41.3) | |
Ethnicity, No. (%) | |||||||
 White | 32,908 (93.2) | 6652 (94.2) | 6661 (94.3) | 6612 (93.6) | 6476 (91.7) | 6507 (92.2) | <0.001 |
 Others | 2396 (6.79) | 409 (5.79) | 400 (5.66) | 449 (6.36) | 585 (8.28) | 553 (7.83) | |
Deprivation index, mean (SD) | −1.10 (2.95) | −1.46 (2.79) | −1.33 (2.81) | −1.10 (2.96) | −0.93 (3.02) | −0.68 (3.08) | <0.001 |
Education level, No. (%) | |||||||
 College/university | 12,306 (34.9) | 2148 (30.4) | 2291 (32.5) | 2416 (34.2) | 2629 (37.2) | 2822 (40.0) | <0.001 |
 Others | 22,998 (65.1) | 4913 (69.6) | 4770 (67.5) | 4645 (65.8) | 4432 (62.8) | 4238 (60.0) | |
Smoking status, No. (%) | |||||||
 Never | 19,517 (55.5) | 3826 (54.5) | 3856 (54.8) | 3817 (54.3) | 3957 (56.3) | 4061 (57.8) | <0.001 |
 Former/current | 15,614 (44.5) | 3191 (45.5) | 3176 (45.2) | 3212 (45.7) | 3069 (43.7) | 2966 (42.2) | |
Drinking status, No. (%) | |||||||
 Never | 1547 (4.40) | 358 (5.08) | 282 (4.00) | 299 (4.24) | 305 (4.34) | 303 (4.31) | 0.025 |
 Former/current | 33,652 (95.6) | 6684 (94.9) | 6768 (96.0) | 6747 (95.8) | 6726 (95.7) | 6727 (95.7) | |
Obesity, No. (%) | |||||||
 No | 26,203 (74.6) | 5320 (75.8) | 5291 (75.3) | 5282 (75.2) | 5195 (74.0) | 5115 (72.8) | <0.001 |
 Yes | 8922 (25.4) | 1699 (24.2) | 1739 (24.7) | 1747 (24.8) | 1829 (26.0) | 1908 (27.2) | |
Meeting PA recommendation, No. (%) | |||||||
 No | 5212 (18.0) | 886 (15.6) | 967 (16.9) | 1043 (18.1) | 1100 (18.9) | 1216 (20.5) | <0.001 |
 Yes | 23,706 (82.0) | 4803 (84.4) | 4748 (83.1) | 4728 (81.9) | 4713 (81.1) | 4714 (79.5) | |
History of diabetes, No. (%) | |||||||
 No | 33,026 (93.6) | 6600 (93.5) | 6605 (93.5) | 6597 (93.4) | 6644 (94.1) | 6580 (93.2) | 0.274 |
 Yes | 2278 (6.45) | 461 (6.53) | 456 (6.46) | 464 (6.57) | 417 (5.91) | 480 (6.80) | |
History of hypertension, No. (%) | |||||||
 No | 8624 (24.4) | 1186 (16.8) | 1403 (19.9) | 1723 (24.4) | 1984 (28.1) | 2328 (33.0) | <0.001 |
 Yes | 26,680 (75.6) | 5875 (83.2) | 5658 (80.1) | 5338 (75.6) | 5077 (71.9) | 4732 (67.0) | |
General health status, No. (%) | |||||||
 Excellent/good | 24,562 (70.0) | 5118 (72.8) | 5051 (71.8) | 4950 (70.5) | 4783 (68.2) | 4660 (66.5) | <0.001 |
 Fair/poor | 10,549 (30.0) | 1916 (27.2) | 1985 (28.2) | 2074 (29.5) | 2230 (31.8) | 2344 (33.5) |