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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants and stratified by quintiles of retinal age gap

From: Retinal age gap as a predictive biomarker of stroke risk

Baseline characteristics

Total

Retinal age gap

P value

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

N

35,304

7061

7061

7061

7061

7060

-

Age, mean (SD), years

56.7 (8.04)

63.4 (4.59)

60.5 (6.02)

57.1 (6.84)

53.0 (7.39)

49.4 (6.18)

<0.001

Gender, No. (%)

 Female

19,730 (55.9)

3557 (50.4)

3929 (55.6)

3963 (56.1)

4135 (58.6)

4146 (58.7)

<0.001

 Male

15,574 (44.1)

3504 (49.6)

3132 (44.4)

3098 (43.9)

2926 (41.4)

2914 (41.3)

Ethnicity, No. (%)

 White

32,908 (93.2)

6652 (94.2)

6661 (94.3)

6612 (93.6)

6476 (91.7)

6507 (92.2)

<0.001

 Others

2396 (6.79)

409 (5.79)

400 (5.66)

449 (6.36)

585 (8.28)

553 (7.83)

Deprivation index, mean (SD)

−1.10 (2.95)

−1.46 (2.79)

−1.33 (2.81)

−1.10 (2.96)

−0.93 (3.02)

−0.68 (3.08)

<0.001

Education level, No. (%)

 College/university

12,306 (34.9)

2148 (30.4)

2291 (32.5)

2416 (34.2)

2629 (37.2)

2822 (40.0)

<0.001

 Others

22,998 (65.1)

4913 (69.6)

4770 (67.5)

4645 (65.8)

4432 (62.8)

4238 (60.0)

Smoking status, No. (%)

 Never

19,517 (55.5)

3826 (54.5)

3856 (54.8)

3817 (54.3)

3957 (56.3)

4061 (57.8)

<0.001

 Former/current

15,614 (44.5)

3191 (45.5)

3176 (45.2)

3212 (45.7)

3069 (43.7)

2966 (42.2)

Drinking status, No. (%)

 Never

1547 (4.40)

358 (5.08)

282 (4.00)

299 (4.24)

305 (4.34)

303 (4.31)

0.025

 Former/current

33,652 (95.6)

6684 (94.9)

6768 (96.0)

6747 (95.8)

6726 (95.7)

6727 (95.7)

Obesity, No. (%)

 No

26,203 (74.6)

5320 (75.8)

5291 (75.3)

5282 (75.2)

5195 (74.0)

5115 (72.8)

<0.001

 Yes

8922 (25.4)

1699 (24.2)

1739 (24.7)

1747 (24.8)

1829 (26.0)

1908 (27.2)

Meeting PA recommendation, No. (%)

 No

5212 (18.0)

886 (15.6)

967 (16.9)

1043 (18.1)

1100 (18.9)

1216 (20.5)

<0.001

 Yes

23,706 (82.0)

4803 (84.4)

4748 (83.1)

4728 (81.9)

4713 (81.1)

4714 (79.5)

History of diabetes, No. (%)

 No

33,026 (93.6)

6600 (93.5)

6605 (93.5)

6597 (93.4)

6644 (94.1)

6580 (93.2)

0.274

 Yes

2278 (6.45)

461 (6.53)

456 (6.46)

464 (6.57)

417 (5.91)

480 (6.80)

History of hypertension, No. (%)

 No

8624 (24.4)

1186 (16.8)

1403 (19.9)

1723 (24.4)

1984 (28.1)

2328 (33.0)

<0.001

 Yes

26,680 (75.6)

5875 (83.2)

5658 (80.1)

5338 (75.6)

5077 (71.9)

4732 (67.0)

General health status, No. (%)

 Excellent/good

24,562 (70.0)

5118 (72.8)

5051 (71.8)

4950 (70.5)

4783 (68.2)

4660 (66.5)

<0.001

 Fair/poor

10,549 (30.0)

1916 (27.2)

1985 (28.2)

2074 (29.5)

2230 (31.8)

2344 (33.5)

  1. SD standard deviation, PA physical activity, Q quintile