Table 1 Demographic baseline characteristicsa,b
Variable | APP (N = 24) | DOC (N = 24) | APP+DOC (N = 24) | TAU (N = 24) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age — year | 65 ± 12 | 69 ± 9 | 66 ± 9 | 71 ± 8 | .08 |
Female sex — no. (%) | 14 (58) | 14 (58) | 14 (58) | 14 (58) | |
Clinical knee pain | |||||
Preoperative clinical knee pain without analgesics — NRS | 6.3 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.9 | 6.6 ± 1.9 | 6.3 ± 2.7 | .63 |
Missing — no. (%) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | |
Acute knee pain | |||||
Preoperative acute knee pain one day prior to surgery — NRS | 4.3 ± 2.4 | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 4.5 ± 2.5 | 3.16 ± 2.6 | .25 |
Missing — no. (%) | 4 (17) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | 5 (21) | |
Expectation about postoperative pain | |||||
Expected knee pain with analgesics — NRS | 4.0 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 3.0 ± 2.2 | .20 |
Expected wound pain with analgesics — NRS | 3.5 ± 2.6 | 3.2 ± 3.0 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 2.4 | .39 |
Missing — no. (%) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Self-rated functional capacity | |||||
Subjective functional capacity without analgesics — NRS | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 7.0 ± 2.8 | 6.1 ± 3.0 | 6.3 ± 2.2 | .58 |
Missing — no. (%) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | |
Self-rated physical functional capacity: expectations | |||||
Expected functional capacity with analgesics — NRS | 4.9 ± 3.0 | 4.4 ± 3.2 | 4.6 ± 2.7 | 4.8 ± 2.6 | .96 |
Missing — no. (%) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | |
Questionnaires | |||||
Lequesne Index (questions related to pain, ability to walk, and coping with everyday life) | 11.8 ± 3.7 | 12.3 ± 4.5 | 13.4 ± 3.7 | 13.1 ± 3.8 | .52 |
Missing — no. (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | |
PHQ—4 (health questionnaire for patients consisting of the PHQ-2 and GAD-2) | |||||
PHQ-2 — no. (%) (questions related to depression) | .68 | ||||
< 3 | 17 (71) | 18 (75) | 16 (67) | 16 (67) | |
≥ 3 | 5 (21) | 3 (13) | 5 (21) | 2 (8) | |
Missing — no. (%) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | 3 (13) | 6 (25) | |
GAD-2 — no. (%) (questions related to generalized anxiety) | .85 | ||||
< 3 | 21 (88) | 19 (79) | 17 (71) | 18 (75) | |
≥ 3 | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | 2 (8) | |
Missing — no. (%) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | 4 (17) | 4 (17) | |
FSS (questions related to pain-related self-instructions) | |||||
Catastrophizing self-instructions | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | .96 |
Missing — no. (%) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | 3 (13) | 4 (17) | |
Active coping self-instructions | 2.6 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | .83 |
Missing — no. (%) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | |
Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale (SETS) | |||||
SETS positive expectations | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | .38 |
Missing — no. (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | 4 (17) | |
SETS negative expectations | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.5 | .69 |
Missing — no. (%) | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 3 (13) | 4 (17) | |
Medication scheme | |||||
Standard | 20 | 20 | 19 | 23 | |
Metamizole intolerance | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
Renal insufficiency | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | |
Anesthesia | |||||
General anesthetic (%) | 9 (38) | 9 (38) | 6 (25) | 2 (8) | |
Spinal anesthesia (%) | 15 (63) | 13 (54) | 18 (75) | 20 (83) | |
Missing — no. (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | |