Corticosteroids | IVIG | Blood purification/Plasma exchange | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MAS | +++ [55] | ++ [55] | Cyclosporine A [55] | |
AOSD | ||||
cAPS | +++ [46] | |||
Septic shock | +/− [84] | Antibiotics [54] | ||
Rationale | Anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids rely on their ability to repress the activity of immunomodulatory transcriptor factors like NF-κB and activator protein-1 [89]. | Direct antitoxic effects, as well as indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms of IVIG has been described in the literature [84]. | The overall concept of blood purification is to attenuate the overwhelming systemic overflow of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and to restore a broad-based humoral homeostasis [90]. | |
IVIG probably acts by cytokine- and pathogen-specific antibodies [55, 91]. | ||||
They are cytotoxic for lymphocytes and inhibit expression of cytokines and differentiation of dendritic cells [55]. | IVIG prevents release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic cells stimulated with procalcitonin [92]. | It is an extracorporeal blood purification technique designed to remove various toxic and inflammatory mediators and to replenish essential compounds via the replacement plasma [16]. |