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Table 1 Selected characteristics of the study participants by serum 25(OH)D levels, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006

From: Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III

Charactersa

Normal, n = 6962

Insufficiency, n = 3620

Deficiency, n = 1575

Pvalueb

Serum 25(OH)D (ng/ml), mean (SE)

28.5 (0.2)

16.1 (0.2)

8.8 (0.1)

<0.001

Age (years), mean (SE)

47.0 (0.4)

46.7 (0.4)

46.2 (0.6)

<0.001

Male, n (%)

3711 (51.2)

1833 (47.7)

696 (38.4)

<0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SE)

27.3 (0.1)

29.6 (0.2)

31.5 (0.4)

<0.001

Month of blood collection, n (%)

    

 1 November to 30 April (winter)

2,688 (34.4)

1,980 (50.7)

999 (57.6)

<0.001

 1 May to 31 October (summer)

4,274 (65.6)

1,640 (49.3)

676 (42.4)

 

Education, n (%)

    

 Less than high school

1,694 (14.8)

1,194 (21.8)

621 (28.5)

<0.001

 High school

1,729 (25.3)

872 (26.3)

384 (25.4)

 

 Greater than high school

3,535 (59.9)

1,550 (51.9)

667 (46.1)

 

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

    

 Non-Hispanic Caucasian

4,812 (84.5)

1,390 (59.5)

316 (33.9)

<0.001

 Non-Hispanic Black

558 (3.5)

965 (17.0)

906 (44.8)

 

 Hispanic

1,394 (8.6)

1,091 (16.5)

394 (14.1)

 

 Others

198 (3.4)

174 (7.1)

59 (7.1)

 

Family poverty income ratio, n (%)

    

 <1

929 (9.7)

661 (15.6)

358 (20.0)

<0.001

 1 to 4

4,181 (61.5)

2,230 (63.6)

1,031 (65.7)

 

 ≥5

1,507 (28.8)

516 (20.8)

181 (14.3)

 

Smoker, n (%)

    

 Non-smoker

3,407 (49.5)

1,856 (50.0)

869 (50.0)

<0.001

 Former smoker

1,914 (24.8)

833 (21.0)

303 (16.3)

 

 Current smoker

1,637 (25.7)

926 (29.0)

500 (33.8)

 

Alcohol user, n (%)

    

 Non-drinker

784 (15.0)

555 (21.5)

293 (24.2)

<0.001

 Former drinker

559 (10.3)

382 (14.3)

187 (14.1)

 

 Current drinker

3,139 (74.8)

1,452 (64.2)

639 (61.7)

 

Physical activity during the day, n (%)

    

 Sit and not walk about very much

1,512 (21.2)

960 (27.0)

541 (32.9)

<0.001

 Walk a lot

3,584 (50.4)

1,904 (50.5)

857 (49.2)

 

 Light work

1,276 (20.5)

497 (15.2)

202 (13.9)

 

 Heavy work

582 (8.0)

254 (7.3)

73 (4.0)

 

Leisure time physical activity (Metabolic equivalent/h/week), mean (SE)

1,292.4 (52.2)

788.5 (55.6)

674.2 (53.1)

<0.001

Users of supplement containing vitamin D (%)

3,258 (47.2)

1,018 (30.4)

202 (12.5)

<0.001

Users of supplement containing Ca (%)

3,860 (57.1)

1,380 (42.6)

351 (22.3)

<0.001

Users of supplement containing Mg (%)

3,040 (45.1)

1,072 (32.0)

235 (14.9)

<0.001

Energy-adjusted nutrient intakesc, mean (SE)

   

  Protein (g/day)

82.0 (0.5)

80.1 (0.7)

77.8 (1.3)

<0.01

  Carbohydrate (g/day)

258.5 (1.4)

262.4 (1.7)

261.6 (2.9)

0.135

  Fat (g/day)

80.7 (0.5)

80.3 (0.6)

81.2 (0.9)

0.93

  Calcium (mg/day)

929.0 (8.4)

805.2 (9.1)

690.3 (13.6)

<0.001

  Magnesium (mg/day)

293.1 (2.2)

266.6 (2.9)

252.4 (4.2)

<0.001

  Vitamin D (IU/day)

196 (8.0)

160 (8.0)

116 (8.0)

<0.001

  Total calcium (mg/day)d

1,168.8 (12.6)

935.4 (12.3)

748.5 (15.9)

<0.001

  Total magnesium (mg/day)d

344.2 (3.5)

297.3 (3.2)

262.4 (4.4)

<0.001

  Total vitamin D (IU/day)d

376 (8.0)

276 (8.0)

152 (8.0)

<0.001

  1. aValues are present as weighted means (SE) and unweighted frequencies (weighted percentages, %).
  2. bRao-Scott χ2 test for categorical data and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for continuous variables.
  3. cValues are energy-adjusted means (SE).
  4. dTotal calcium, magnesium and vitamin D intake from foods and supplements.
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