Table 1 Characterization of included studies that use the initial definition of HCAI[3] by focus of infection
Author, publication year | Study design | MDR* organisms, n (%) | Risk of bias | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteriemia | CAI | HCAI | HAI | ||
Friedman et al., 2002 [3] | Prospective, multicenter, 504 patients, USA, 4 to 5 months | Not mentioned | High | ||
Marschall et al., 2009 [16] | Prospective, single center, 250 patients, Gram-negative, USA, 6 months | 0 (0) | 9 (7) | 10 (11) | Low |
Evans et al., 2009 [17] | Retrospective, multicenter, 223 patients, spinal cord injury, USA, 7 years | 6 (17) | 34 (31) | 111 (42) | High |
Son et al., 2010 [18] | Prospective, multicenter, 1,144 patients, Korea, 12 months | 29 (8) | 38 (7) | 162 (79) | Low |
Rodriguez-Bano et al., 2010 [19] | Prospective, multicenter, 821 bacteremia episodes including potential contaminants, Spain, 2 to 5 months | 7 (5) | 29 (15) | 99 (21) | Moderate |
Vallés et al., 2011 [8] | Prospective, multicenter, 726 patients, Spain and Argentina, 12 months | 7 (2) | 11 (8) | 29 (12) | High |
Pneumonia | CAI | HCAI | |||
Carratalà et al., 2007 [10] | Prospective, single center, 727 patients, those with neutropenia, AIDS and after transplantation were excluded, Spain, 4 years. | 3 (1) | 2 (2) | Low | |
Shindo et al., 2009 [20] | Retrospective, single center, 371 patients, Japan, 1 year and 3 months | 6 (6) | 17 (22) | Low | |
Park et al., 2010 [9] | Retrospective, single center, 345 patients, CAI and HCAI were considered until 72 h after hospital admission; patients with neutropenia, AIDS and after transplantation were excluded, Korea, 1 year. | 7 (15) | 21 (32) | Moderate | |
Pascual et al., 2010 [21] | Retrospective, single center, 308 patients with bacteriemic pneumonia, Spain, 6 years | CAI (2) | HCAI (12) | HAI (31) | High |
Umeki et al., 2011 [22] | Prospective, single center, 202 patients, Japan, 2 years | 10 (21) | 12 (25) | Moderate | |
Seki et al., 2011 [23] | Retrospective, single center, 34 patients Japan, 4 months | 0 (0) | 6 (43) | Moderate | |
Garcia-Vidal et al., 2011 [24] | Prospective, single center, 2,153 patients, those with more than one condition of HCAI, with neutropenia, AIDS, after transplantation and chronic corticosteroid treatment were excluded, Spain, 8 years and 9 months | 19 (2) | 7 (2) | Low | |
Jung et al., 2011 [25] | Retrospective, single center, 527 patients, Korea, 1 year | 15 (18) | 30 (38) | Low | |
Jeon et al., 2011 [26] | Retrospective, multicenter, 210 patients older than 60 years, Korea, 2 years. | 10 (16) | 20 (67) | Low | |
Depuydt et al. 2011 [27] | Retrospective, single center, 269 patients, those with neutropenia, transplantation or transferred from another hospital were excluded, Belgium, 1 year | 0 (0) | 6 (30) | Low | |
Park et al., 2012 [4] | Prospective, single center, 339 patients, Korea, 2 years | 35 (20) | 52 (31) | Low | |
Lee et al., 2012 [28] | Retrospective, multicenter study, 250 patients, Korea, 21 months | 3 (4) | 17 (31) | Low | |
Other foci | CAI | HCAI | HAI | ||
Benito et al., 2009 [5] | Prospective, single center,1622 patients with endocarditis, comparing CAI with healthcare associated that included non-nosocomial and nosocomial, intra-venous drug users and prosthetic valves were excluded, USA, 6 months. | 25 (3) | 41 (17) | 76 (26) | Low |
Wu et al., 2011 [29] | Retrospective, single center,192 patients with endocarditis, Taiwan, 5 years | 15 (11) | 13 (43) | 17 (81) | Moderate |
Aguilar-Duran et al., 2012 [6] | Prospective, single center, 251 patients with urinary infection, Spain, 7 to 8 months | 2 (2) | 15 (15) | 9 (14) | High |