Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

Table 18 Prostate cancer; meta-analysis results

				Heterogeneity
Type of ST (region)^a	Adjustments/restrictions^b	Number of estimates (RR/OR ids)^c	Random-effects RR/OR (95% CI)	χ²	I²	P(χ²)
Any^d	Overall data	5 (1, 3, 5, 7, 16)	1.20 (1.03–1.40)	3.3	0.0	0.506
	Smoking-adjusted	4 (1, 3, 5, 7)	1.29 (1.07–1.55)	1.2	0.0	0.764
	Never smokers	3 (2, 3, 5)	1.81 (0.76–4.30)	10.5	81.0	0.005

^a For each study/sex, the RR/OR for ST from Table 17 was included if available, otherwise that for chewing tobacco or snuff was used.
^b Smoking-adjusted includes estimates for smokers and non-smokers combined, adjusted for smoking if available, and estimates for never smokers otherwise.
^c The actual estimates included are identified by their RR/OR identification numbers as given in Table 17.
^d All the available data for prostate cancer are from US studies.
CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.

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