From: Diagnosis and biomarkers of predementia in Alzheimer's disease
Correlates: | Method/source: | Alzheimer's disease-related biomarkers: |
---|---|---|
Molecularcore neuropathology | Cerebrospinal fluid | - Concentrations of amyloid-β42; |
 |  | - Total Tau and phosphorylated Tau; |
 | In vivo molecular imaging | - Intracerebral beta-amyloid load (e.g., PiB-PET, 18F-BAY94-9172); |
 |  | - Intracerebral aggregates of amyloid and tangle Tau(e.g., 18F-FDDNP); |
Downstreamsecondary changes | Structural neuroimaging(MRI) | - Regional (medial temporal) atrophy (MRI) |
 |  | - Volumetry of hippocampus/entorhinal cortex (MRI) |
 |  | - Rate of brain/regional atrophy (MRI) |
 |  | - Voxel-based morphometry (VBM)a |
 |  | - Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)a |
 | Functional neuroimaging(PET, SPECT, fMRI) | - Metabolic changes (FDG-PET) |
 |  | - Regional perfusion (SPECT) |
 |  | - Functional MRIa and MRI perfusion-Functional connectivitya |
 | Neurochemistry | - Proton spectroscopy (+H-MRS)a |
Associatedhomeostatic changes | Peripheral fluids(serum, plasma, platelets) | - Inflammatory markers (interleukins, cytokines)a |
 |  | - Oxidative stress (isoprostanes)a |
 |  | - Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio*; |
 |  | APP ratioa |
 |  | - Glycogen synthase kinase-3β activitya |
 |  | - Other markers of synaptic damage/neurodegenerationa |