First author, year, reference | Location | Program, population | Findings |
---|---|---|---|
Proportion of HIV-exposed infants undergoing EID testing: | |||
Creek, 2008 [3] | Botswana | Pilot EID program: HIV-exposed infants attending well child visits, and inpatient and outpatient care settings | Of estimated 1,500 HIV-exposed children attending well child (clinic) visits, 1,297 (86%) were tested (total HIV-exposed no. not estimated for inpatient/outpatient settings) |
Dow, IAS 2009 [71] | Malawi | Infants of known HIV-infected mothers offered EID at 6 weeks of age | Of 646 HIV-infected mothers, 338 (53%) presented for EID testing |
Kimario, HAIM 2009 [62] | Tanzania | Ministry of Health-supported EID scale-up program: HIV-exposed infants age 1-9 months | Of 2,128 HIV-exposed infants identified, 2,089 (98%) were tested |
Leroy, IAS 2009 [81] | Côte d'Ivoire | EID program: all infants attending immunization or outpatient clinics | Of 7,579 eligible, 3,013 (40%) offered EID testing, and 447 accepted (15% of offered, 6% of total) |
Rollins, 2009 [68] | South Africa | All mothers/infants attending immunization clinics at 6, 10, or 14 weeks of age (median 7.7 weeks) | Of 646 mothers, 584 (90%) agreed to and underwent EID testing |
Nuwagaba, 2010 [70] | Tanzania | Pilot EID program: HIV-exposed infants identified via maternal status or positive HIV antibody result | Of 510 HIV-exposed infants identified, 441 (87%) were tested |
Braun, 2011 [110] | Malawi | Retrospective review of ANC, EID, and pediatric ART programs in Lilongwe, Malawi, 2004-2008 | Of 14,669 HIV-exposed infants identified, 7,875 (54%) were tested |
Hassan, 2011 [76] | Kenya | Retrospective review of HIV-exposed infants enrolled in an HIV clinic in Kilifi District, Kenya, 2006-2008 | Of 233 HIV-exposed infants enrolled in care, 156 (67%) were tested |
Specimen collection and processing: | |||
Creek, 2008 [3] | Botswana | As above | Of 1,931 samples, 27 (1.4%) unevaluable due to labeling errors |
Khamadi, 2008 [61] | Kenya | Pilot EID program: HIV-exposed infants seen at 6 week immunization visit | Of 9,922 samples, 3 (0.03%) unevaluable due to errors in specimen collection or packaging |
Kouakou, IAS 2008 [63] | Côte d'Ivoire | Pilot EID program in 25 PMTCT sites in 10 districts: HIV-exposed infants | Of 588 specimens, 92 (16%) unevaluable, and an additional 54 (9%) were not evaluated for unspecified reasons |
Lofgren, 2009 [28] | Tanzania | DBS RNA PCR service for remote healthcare facilities | Of 223 samples, 27 (12%) 'lost with assay errors' and 7 (3%) specimens hemolyzed or of insufficient quantity |
Menzies, 2009 [66] | Uganda | Pilot EID program: HIV-exposed infants age 6 weeks to 18 months | Of 820 samples, 32 (4%) unevaluable due to sample mislabeling, damage or loss or missing/inconsistent data entries |
Proportion of EID results returned: | |||
Creek, 2008 [3] | Botswana | As above | Of 930 tests performed at well child (clinic) visits, 753 results (81%) returned to families. Of 38 infants with positive results at all sites, 34 results (90%) returned to families |
Chouraya, IAS 2009 [59] | Swaziland | Pilot EID program: HIV-exposed infants, aged < 12 months, with positive PCR results | Of 124 infants with positive PCR results, 22 (18%) started ART before pilot program (result receipt inferred), and 50 (40%) were informed of results via pilot (total = 72 (58%) of 124). Additionally, 11 infants (9%) died before pilot and 41 (33%) were unable to be contacted; result receipt among these infants is unknown. |
Kimario, HAIM 2009 [62] | Tanzania | As above | Of 2,089 infants tested, 1,331 results (64%) returned to facilities, and 774 results (37%) returned to families |
Leroy, IAS 2009 [81] | Cote d'Ivoire | As above | Of 42 tested infants, 25 (60%) of families returned for results |
Rollins, 2009 [68] | South Africa | As above | Of 584 infants tested, 332 mothers (57%) returned for results |
Sundaram, IAS 2009 [69] | Swaziland | Retrospective review of HIV-infected infants diagnosed via DBS PCR at 15 clinical sites | Of 176 positive PCR results, 137 results (78%) returned to healthcare facility and 77 results (44%) returned to families |
Nuwagaba, 2010 [70] | Tanzania | As above | Of 441 tested infants, 242 (55%) returned for results. Of 75 with positive PCR results, 51 (68%) returned for results; 7 (14%) of these children had died before result receipt. Of 361 with negative PCR results, 187 (52%) returned for results. Of five with indeterminate PCR results, four (80%) returned for results. |
Hassan, 2011 [76] | Kenya | As above | Of 156 infants tested, 110 (71%) returned for results. |
Time to return of EID results to healthcare facilities or families/caregivers: | |||
Creek, 2008 [3] | Botswana | As above | Specimen collection to results return at healthcare facilities: 9 days |
Khamadi, 2008 [61] | Kenya | As above | Specimen collection to result return to families: range, 1-3 months. Individual components: Specimen collection to specimen receipt in laboratory: range, 6 hours to 3 weeks. Specimen receipt in laboratory to result dispatch from laboratory: 2006-2007: median 13.5 days, range 6-20 days; 2008: median 4 days. |
Kouakou, IAS 2008 [63] | Côte d'Ivoire | As above | Specimen receipt in laboratory to result return to facilities: 4-8 weeks |
Mahdi, IAS 2008 [65] | Swaziland | EID program and Public Health Unit: HIV-exposed infants aged < 18 months; n = 322 | 'Average turnaround time': 4-6 weeks |
Kimario, HAIM 2009 [62] | Tanzania | As above | 'Turnaround time': 1-3 months |
Lofgren, 2009 [28] | Tanzania | As above | Specimen collection to result return to facilities: median 23 days, range 4-69 days (excluding single vacation period responsible for greatest delays: median 17 days, range 4-39 days). Individual components: Specimen collection to shipment from facilities: range 0-7 days. Transit, facilities to laboratories: median 1.5 days, range 1-2 days. Laboratory processing: median 13 days, range 1-51 days (excluding single vacation period as above: median 7 days, range 1-21 days). Completion of laboratory processing to shipment of results: range, 0-7 days. Transit, laboratories to facilities: median 1.5 days, range 1-2 days. |
Rollins, 2009 [68] | South Africa | As above | Of 332 families returning for results, 160 (48%) returned at scheduled visit 2 weeks after testing. Of 172 returning at another time, 138 (80%) returned approximately 4 weeks after testing. |
Nuwagaba, 2010 [70] | Tanzania | As above | Positive PCR results: median 5 weeks, range < 1-14 weeks. Negative PCR results: median 10 weeks, range < 1-21 weeks. |
Hassan, 2011 [76] | Kenya | As above | 'Waiting time to DBS results': median 1.7 months |
Proportion of identified HIV-infected infants linking to HIV care: | |||
Creek, 2008 [3] | Botswana | As above | Of 34 PCR-positive infants receiving results, 22 (65%) were seen in ART clinic |
Kimario, HAIM 2009 [62] | Tanzania | As above | Of 190 PCR-positive infants receiving results, 175 (92%) were referred to HIV care and treatment clinic, and 149 (78%) enrolled at clinic |
Mahdi, IAS 2008 [65] | Swaziland | As above | Of 19 infants with positive PCR results, 13 (68%) linked to HIV care |
Sundaram, IAS 2009 [69] | Swaziland | As above | Of 77 PCR-positive infants receiving results, 58 (75%) enrolled at ART clinic |
Nuwagaba, 2010 [70] | Tanzania | As above | Of 52 PCR-positive infants receiving results, 42 (81%) were referred to HIV care (7 of 52 (14%) had died when result was received, and 3 of 52 (6%) died between result receipt and referral) |
Braun, 2011 [110] | Malawi | As above | Of 1,084 infants with positive PCR results, 320 (30%) were traced to enrolment in an HIV care and treatment clinic |
Proportion of identified HIV-infected infants initiating cotrimoxazole: | |||
Augustinova, IAS 2009 [89] | Cambodia | Retrospective review of EID among HIV-exposed infants aged < 18 months at PMTCT and pediatric inpatient and outpatient sites | Of 37 infants with positive PCR results, 13 (35%) initiated OI prophylaxis; an additional 14 (38%) initiated ART (if OI prophylaxis inferred, total = 27 of 37 (73%)) |
Proportion of identified HIV-infected infants initiating ART: | |||
Creek, 2008 [3] | Botswana | As above | Of 22 infants enrolled in HIV clinic, 17 (77%) initiated ART. These 17 infants represent 45% of the 38 infants with positive PCR results, and 50% of the 34 infants who received positive PCR results. |
Mahdi, IAS 2008 [65] | Swaziland | As above | Of 13 PCR-positive infants linking to care, 5 (38%) initiated ART. These 5 infants represent 26% of the 19 infants with positive PCR results. |
Augustinova, IAS 2009 [89] | Cambodia | As above | Of 37 infants with positive PCR results, 14 (38%) initiated ART |
Chouraya, IAS 2009 [59] | Swaziland | As above | Of 124 infants with positive PCR results, 22 (18%) initiated ART before pilot. Through EID pilot program, 25 additional infants (20%) received results and initiated ART; total = 47 of 124 (38%). Additionally, 11 infants (9%) died before the pilot program and 41 (33%) were unable to be contacted through pilot; although unlikely, ART receipt among these infants is unknown. |
Kimario, HAIM 2009 [62] | Tanzania | As above | Of 149 PCR-positive infants enrolled in care and treatment clinic, 68 (46%) initiated ART. These 68 infants represent 36% of the 190 results returned to families, and 22% of the 310 results returned to facilities. |
Sundaram, IAS 2009 [69] | Swaziland | As above | Of 58 infants enrolled at ART clinic, 34 (59%) initiated ART. These 34 infants represent 19% of the 176 infants with positive PCR results. |
Braun, 2011 [110] | Malawi | As above | Of 202 PCR-positive infants enrolled in a care and treatment clinic, 110 (55%) initiated ART at a median 2.5 months after enrollment |