From: Allopurinol and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias in the elderly: a study using US Medicare data
 | Allopurinol use (using model 5) HR (95% CI) [P value] | Allopurinol use duration (using model 6) HR (95% CI) [P value] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | 0Â day | 1 to 180Â days | 181Â days to 2Â years | > 2Â years | |
Coronary artery disease | ||||||
 No | 1 | 0.60 (0.47–0.78) [0.0001] | Ref | 0.71 (0.47–1.06) [0.09] | 0.57 (0.42–0.83) [0.002] | 0.45 (0.25–0.81) [0.007] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) [0.003] | Ref | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) [0.64] | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) [0.001] | 0.79 (0.62–0.99) [0.04] |
Cardiomyopathy-dilated or hypertrophic | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) [0.0002] | Ref | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) [0.26] | 0.75 (0.65–0.88) [0.0002] | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) [0.007] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) [0.04] | Ref | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) [0.68] | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) [0.02] | 0.73 (0.46–1.15) [0.17] |
Heart failure | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) [< 0.0001] | Ref | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) [0.20] | 0.67 (0.55–0.81) [< 0.0001] | 0.66 (0.50–0.89) [0.006] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) [0.08] | Ref | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) [0.82] | 0.84 (0.74–0.99) [0.04] | 0.79 (0.57–1.10) [0.16] |
Congenital heart disease | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) [< 0.0001] | Ref | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) [0.26] | 0.76 (0.68–0.87) [< 0.0001] | 0.73 (0.59–0.91) [0.005] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.80 (0.41–1.57) [0.52] | Ref | 1.36 (0.60–3.11) [0.47] | 0.52 (0.18–1.44) [0.21] | 0.00 (0.0–0.0) [< 0.0001] |
Valvular heart disease | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.82 (0.74–0.92) [0.0004] | Ref | 0.94 (0.81–1.09) [0.39] | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) [0.0002] | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) [0.01] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) [0.025] | Ref | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) [0.56] | 0.72 (0.58–0.95) [0.018] | 0.66 (0.38–1.13) [0.13] |
Renal failure | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) [0.03] | Ref | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) [0.62] | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) [0.06] | 0.63 (0.42–0.96) [0.03] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.81 (0.73–0.91) [0.0003] | Ref | 0.93 (0.80–1.09) [0.37] | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) [< 0.0001] | 0.75 (0.58–0.97) [0.03] |
Dialysis | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) [< 0.0001] | Ref | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) [0.14] | 0.76 (0.67–0.87) [< 0.0001] | 0.73 (0.53–0.90) [0.004] |
 Yes | Ref | 1.36 (0.54–3.43) [0.52] | Ref | 2.43 (1.03–5.69) [0.04] | 0.73 (0.19–2.77) [0.64] | 0.00 (0.0–0.0) [< 0.0001] |
Sarcoidosis | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) [< 0.0001] | Ref | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) [0.29] | 0.76 (0.67–0.85) [< 0.0001] | 0.72 (0.58–0.90) [0.003] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.86 (0.13–5.58) [0.88] | Ref | 0.73 (0.05–11.2) [0.82] | 1.11 (0.11–11.41) [0.93] | 0.00 (0.0–0.0) [< 0.0001] |
Hyperkalemia | ||||||
 No | Ref | 0.81 (0.73–0.91) [0.0002] | Ref | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) [0.31] | 0.76 (0.66–0.88) [0.0001] | 0.73 (0.57–0.93) [0.01] |
 Yes | Ref | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) [0.04] | Ref | 0.95 (0.73–1.22) [0.68] | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) [0.03] | 0.67 (0.42–1.08) [0.10] |