Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (EPIC–Heidelberg, subcohort participants)
Subcohort | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Total | |
N | 1466 (54) | 1273 (46) | 2739 |
Age at recruitment, years | 49 (35–66) | 53 (40–65) | 51 (35–66) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 4.7 | 26.8 ± 3.6 | 26.0 ± 4.3 |
Waist circumference, cm | 81 ± 12 | 96 ± 10 | 88 ± 13 |
Smoking (n, %) | |||
Never | 753 (51) | 435 (34) | 1188 (43) |
Former | 406 (28) | 509 (40) | 915 (33) |
Current | 303 (21) | 325 (26) | 628 (23) |
Physical activity (n, %)a | |||
Inactive | 191 (13) | 138 (11) | 329 (12) |
Moderately inactive | 527 (36) | 431 (34) | 958 (35) |
Moderately active | 408 (28) | 363 (29) | 771 (29) |
Active | 340 (23) | 341 (27) | 681 (25) |
Education level (n, %) | |||
Primary school | 403 (28) | 377 (29) | 780 (29) |
Secondary school | 711 (49) | 414 (33) | 1125 (41) |
University degree | 352 (24) | 482 (38) | 834 (30) |
Dietary variables (median, IQR) | |||
Alcohol consumption, mg/d | 4 (2–10) | 20 (11–36) | 10 (3–22) |
Red meat intake, g/d | 19 (10–29) | 33 (20–55) | 25 (13–42) |
Processed meat intake, g/d | 34 (18–56) | 56 (33–82) | 44 (23–68) |
Fiber intake, mg/d | 18 (15–23) | 20 (16–24) | 19 (15–23) |
Diseases and medication (n, %)b | |||
Hypertension | 353 (24) | 435 (34) | 788 (29) |
Diabetes mellitus | 29 (2.0) | 63 (4.9) | 92 (3.4) |
Kidney diseases | 5 (0.3) | 19 (1.5) | 24 (0.9) |
Liver diseases | 9 (0.6) | 9 (0.7) | 18 (0.7) |
Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 47 (3.2) | 72 (5.7) | 119 (4.3) |
Menopausal status (n, %) | |||
Premenopausal | 653 (44.5) | – | – |
Current use of pill | 82 (5.6) | ||
Postmenopausal | 552 (37.7) | – | – |
Current use of HRT | 366 (25.0) | ||
Biomarkers (median, IQR) | |||
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.80 (5.1–6.5) | 5.80 (5.2–6.6) | 5.80 (5.1–6.6) |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.60 (1.3–1.9) | 1.20 (1.0–1.5) | 1.40 (1.1–1.7) |
Apo(a), μmol/L | 1.79 (1.6–2.0) | 1.55 (1.4–1.7) | 1.67 (1.5–1.9) |
ApoB-100, μmol/L | 1.06 (0.9–1.2) | 1.16 (1.0–1.4) | 1.10 (0.9–1.3) |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.30 (0.9–1.9) | 1.90 (1.4–2.8) | 1.60 (1.1–2.3) |
Lp(a), nmol/Lc | 13.40 (6.1–46.4) | 12.00 (5.4–42.5) | 12.60 (5.8–45.4) |