Fig. 5

Summary and replication. a Estimated insulin resistance in IS-NGT (grey), IR-NGT (blue), and pooled of IFG, IGT, and NDM (red) in NFBC66. b Two-hour metabolic responses associated with IR with or without glucose abnormality in NFBC66 (purple) and replicated in Oulu45 (red). Groups were compared by linear regression models with the 2-h concentration change as the response variable. Baseline and 2-h metabolite concentrations were log-transformed, and the changes between 2-h and baseline metabolite concentrations were scaled to baseline SD. Group sizes within NFBC66: n = 708 in IS-NGT, n = 713 in IR-NGT, and n = 1898 in combined IFG, IGT, and NDM. Group sizes within Oulu1945: n = 62 in IS-NGT, n = 64 in IR-NGT, and n = 343 in combined IFG, IGT, and NDM