Fig. 1

Untreated hyperacute HIV, but not ART early-treated hyperacute HIV, is associated with elevation of plasma cytokines that have distinct kinetics. a Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL-10). b Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG/CXCL-9). c Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). d Interleukin 12 (IL-12). e Soluble IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). f Interleukin 8 (IL-8). g Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). h Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). i B cell-activating factor (BAFF/BLYS/TNFSF13B). j Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13). k Soluble CD14. l Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha). N = 12 for untreated hyperacute HIV-infected participants (except CXCL13 and BAFF with N = 10). N = 8 for ART early-treated hyperacute HIV-infected individuals (except CXCL13 and BAFF with N = 6 and IFN-alpha with N = 7). Cytokine levels for one of the untreated participants were measured 434 days instead of 238–263 days after the detection of viremia. Each symbol represents an individual participant. Except for IFN-alpha, red symbols show the plasma levels in untreated participants and blue symbols show the plasma levels in ART early-treated participants. Horizontal lines and error bars in the scatter plots represent the median and interquartile range. In l (IFN-alpha), every colored line represents a participant. Statistical test used: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. “Pre” refers to the pre-infection time point