Fig. 1
Simulated transmission of eHCoVs. a Stochastic realisation of the multi-strain model obtained using baseline parameters. At time t = Tinv = 160 years we randomly infect 10 individuals with the pHCoV (red). Inset: zoom on the first 100 days after the introduction of the pHCoV. b Annual attack rate per 100 population by age class for all four eHCoVs. The attack rate decreases and plateaus with age since individuals accumulate immunity through consecutive infections with different eHCoVs