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Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: The association between cognitive ability and opioid prescribing in vulnerable older adults with chronic pain in ambulatory care: a secondary data analysis using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Fig. 1

Adjusted predicted numbers of opioid prescriptions by cognitive status, stratified by chronic pain type

aAbbreviations: NCI, no cognitive impairment; CI, cognitive impairment; AD/ADRD, Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. bThe predicted number of opioid prescriptions were statistically significantly higher for people with CI compared to people with NCI and for people with AD/ADRD compared to people with NCI in the any chronic pain, severe chronic pain, and ICD-9/10 chronic pain diagnoses groups. The model adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, income, health insurance, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, depression, rural/urban status, region, and survey year and used MEPS complex survey weights. Statistically significant differences compared to NCI (reference group) are indicated with * (all p-values p  < 0.001). cIndividuals with diagnoses of cancer or opioid use disorder, prescriptions for methadone or buprenorphine, presence of proxy responses, or missing values for cognitive status or pain variables were excluded

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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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