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Table 1 Summary characteristics of people with any self-reported chronic pain (n = 60,594a), by levels of cognitive ability

From: The association between cognitive ability and opioid prescribing in vulnerable older adults with chronic pain in ambulatory care: a secondary data analysis using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

 

Cognitive ability

Standardized mean differenceb

No cognitive impairment (NCI) (n = 52,854) (n/%)a

Cognitive impairment (CI) (n = 6,381) (n/%)a

AD/ADRD (n = 1,359) (n/%)a

Race/ethnicity

   

0.12

 Asian

2563 (3.3)

269 (3.2)

46 (2.6)

 

 Black

9152 (9.6)

1509 (14.0)

304 (13.6)

 

 Latine

8144 (8.0)

1065 (10.1)

278 (10.5)

 

 Othersb

1162 (2.2)

215 (3.3)

38 (3.2)

 

 White

31,833 (76.9)

3323 (69.6)

693 (70.1)

 

Sex

   

0.19

 Female

30,911 (56.3)

3963 (59.6)

912 (66.0)

 

 Male

21,943 (43.8)

2418 (40.4)

447 (34.1)

 

Marital status

   

0.80

 Married

30,038 (60.6)

2073 (35.5)

457 (37.3)

 

 Divorced/widowed

18,797 (32.9)

3547 (54.1)

833 (58.9)

 

 Never married

4019 (6.5)

761 (10.4)

69 (3.8)

 

Education

   

0.32

 Less or equal to high school

37,607 (65.6)

5280 (78.5)

1181 (80.8)

 

 College/bachelor

11,195 (24.9)

881 (17.1)

130 (13.1)

 

 Masters/doctorate

4052 (9.5)

220 (4.4)

48 (6.1)

 

Insurance

   

0.79

 Private

31,877 (67.9)

2065 (40.6)

454 (42.1)

 

 Public

17,060 (26.4)

4002 (54.9)

902 (57.8)

 

 Uninsured

3917 (5.8)

314 (4.5)

 < 5 (0.1)

 

Depression

   

0.53

 Yes

8286 (16.3)

2254 (36.9)

306 (22.7)

 

 No

44,568 (83.7)

4127 (63.1)

1053 (77.3)

 

Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, n (%)

   

0.33

 0

18,073 (35.3)

1618 (25.9)

310 (25.1)

 

 1

22,739 (42.2)

2439 (37.4)

551 (39.0)

 

 2

9129 (17.1)

1521 (23.9)

342 (24.5)

 

  ≥ 3

2913 (5.5)

803 (12.8)

156 (11.4)

 

Rurality

   

0.11

 Urban

43,092 (81.4)

5047 (79.0)

1026 (77.3)

 

 Rural

9762 (18.6)

1334 (21.0)

333 (22.7)

 

Region

   

0.07

 Northeast

8384 (17.9)

1026 (17.6)

173 (15.7)

 

 Midwest

11,408 (23.6)

1243 (21.4)

259 (22.3)

 

 South

20,733 (37.2)

2651 (38.7)

633 (40.4)

 

 West

12,329 (21.4)

1461 (22.4)

294 (21.7)

 

Age, years, mean (SD)

63.9 (9.6)

65.7 (11.6)

79.2 (7.5)

2.05

Income, $, mean (SD)

$47,511.1 (45,374.6)

$25,844.9 (29,460.6)

$27,432.0 (26,285.5)

0.56

  1. aFrequencies are unweighted, and % are weighted
  2. bThe reported standardized mean difference for each variable is the maximum of all three pairwise standardized mean difference. Standardized mean differences between 0.2 and < 0.5, 0.5 and 0.8, and > 0.8 are considered small, medium, and large, respectively
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BMC Medicine

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