Fig. 3

Mean estimated coefficients of covariates with 95% credible intervals for seroprevalence to liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). All covariates have been centered and standardized. Accessibility to cities is represented by mean travel time to urban centers, such that an increase in this variable indicates a more rural location. Dots represent mean estimated beta coefficients for covariates used in integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) models with the stochastic partial difference equation (SPDE) approach; bars are the coefficients’ 95% credible intervals. A vertical line at 0.0 represents a null effect