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Table 2 Associations of ADHD symptom scores with cardiovascular (CVD) and metabolic disorders, presented as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI)

From: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and subsequent cardiometabolic disorders in adults: investigating underlying mechanisms using a longitudinal twin study

 

CVD

HR (95% CI)

Metabolic disorders

HR (95% CI)

Adjustment for birth year and sexa

1.02 (1.01, 1.04), p < 0.001

1.03 (1.02, 1.05), p < 0.001

Additional adjustment for covariatesb

1.00 (0.99, 1.02), p = 0.611

1.01 (1.00, 1.03), p = 0.076

Additional adjustment for familial factors shared between twins in:

 Dizygotic twin pairsc

1.04 (1.02, 1.07), p < 0.001

χ2 = 3.98, p = 0.045

1.04 (1.01, 1.07), p = 0.021

χ2 = 0.40, p = 0.839

 Monozygotic twin pairsd

1.00 (0.97, 1.03), p = 0.968

1.04 (1.00, 1.09), p = 0.069

  1. aN = 10,394 total included in the analysis, with CVD N = 1313, with metabolic disorders N = 728
  2. bCovariates: educational attainment, lifestyle, and psychiatric disorders, N = 8305 total included in the analysis for the association with CVD, N with CVD is 1007; N = 8434 total included in the analysis for the association with metabolic disorders, N with is 587, analysis for the association with metabolic disorders was not adjusted for BMI
  3. cN = 5618 total included in the analysis, with CVD N = 747, with metabolic disorder N = 435
  4. dN = 4766 total included in the analysis, with CVD N = 566, with metabolic disorders N = 293
  5. Bolded estimates are statistically significant, p-value less than 0.001 or 0.05
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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