Fig. 2

MR main analysis results of the causal effects of genetically predicted circulating levels of amino acids on MAFLD risk. Wald ratios method was used for glutamate and methionine; the fixed-effects IVW method was used for tryptophan, aspartate and proline; and the multiplicative random-effects IVW method was used for the remaining amino acids. Meta-analysis was used to combine the causal effect estimates derived in the discovery and replication analysis. CI, confidence intervals; IVW, inverse variance weighted; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; MR, Mendelian randomization; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation