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Table 1 GUSTO analytic sample characteristics (n = 422)

From: Maternal glycemic status during pregnancy and mid-childhood plasma amino acid profiles: findings from a multi-ethnic Asian birth cohort

Variables

All mothers

GDM

Non-GDM

P-value

 

Mean (SD)/%

Mean (SD)/%

Mean (SD)/%

 

Mothers

 Mother age (whole years)

31.0 (5.1)

33.1 (5.0)

30.5 (5.1)

 < 0.001

Ethnicity

 Chinese

56.4

59.2

56.4

 < 0.01

 Malay

27.5

13.6

30.3

 

 Indian

16.1

27.2

13.3

 

Highest education

0.03

 Below university

64.7

54.3

67.3

 

 University

35.3

45.7

32.7

 

Parity

0.16

 0

38.6

32.1

40.6

 

 ≥ 1

61.4

67.9

59.4

 

 Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

22.77 (4.25)

23.65 (4.06)

22.5 (4.22)

0.03

Categorical ppBMI (WHO)a

0.06

 Normal and underweight

61.4

53.1

64.2

 

 Overweight or obese

38.6

46.9

35.8

 

 Total gestational weight gain (kg)

13.81 (5.19)

11.8 (4.76)

14.28 (5.17)

 < 0.001

 Excessive GWG (according to IOM, %)

41.6

38.8

49.8

0.08

Glycemia at 26 weeks’ gestation

 Fasting glucose, mmol/L

4.33 (0.46)

4.58 (.58)

4.27 (.4)

 < 0.001

 Two-hour glucose, mmol/L

6.56 (1.48)

8.82 (.97)

6.01 (.97)

 < 0.001

 Gestational diabetes (according to 1999 WHO, %)

19.7

   

Gestational diabetes treatment (%)

 Diet treated

 

88.9

  

 Diet and insulin treated

 

8.6

  

 Not treated

 

2.5

  

 Family history of diabetes (yes, %)

31.0

38.3

29.4

0.12

 Hypertensive disorder (yes, %)

7.8

13.6

6.1

0.08

 Health eating index

53.28

58.21 (13.06)

52.07 (13.49)

 < 0.001

Children

 Child age at year 6 visit

6.1 (0.1)

6.05 (.1)

6.05 (.09)

0.64

 Sex (girls, %)

47.6

49.4

47.6

0.61

 Child BMI (kg/m2)

15.46 (2.09)

15.36 (1.73)

15.49 (2.16)

0.68

 Child BMI z-score

 − 0.04 (1.28)

 − 0.09 (1.14)

 − 0.03 (1.31)

0.77

 Alanine (μmol/L)

266.6 (61.67)

256.02 (58.22)

268.46 (62.22)

0.11

 Glutamine (μmol/L)

645.79 (65.64)

640.32 (68.55)

646.99 (65.57)

0.38

 Glycine (μmol/L)

182.46 (42.87)

175.78 (36.38)

183.64 (44.29)

0.12

 Histidine (μmol/L)

78.2 (10.78)

79.28 (10.17)

77.83 (10.93)

0.36

 Isoleucine (μmol/L)

45.4 (10.81)

46.26 (10.85)

45.18 (10.89)

0.48

 Leucine (μmol/L)

90.7 (16.6)

94.69 (18.36)

89.73 (16.11)

0.02

 Valine (μmol/L)

212.32 (30.8)

218.72 (28.88)

210.72 (31.34)

0.04

 Total branched-chain amino acids (μmol/L)

348.42 (54.53)

359.67 (54.16)

345.63 (54.77)

0.04

 Phenylalanine (μmol/L)

50.34 (8.8)

50.58 (7.36)

50.08 (8.95)

0.68

 Tyrosine (μmol/L)

63.6 (11.17)

63.38 (11.15)

63.39 (11.16)

0.70

 Total aromatic amino acids (mmol/L)

113.95 (16.66)

113.96 (15.03)

113.47 (16.79)

0.96

  1. aBMI category was based on WHO Asian population cutoffs: BMI < 23 kg/m2 as normal and underweight; BMI ≥ 23.0kg/m2 as overweight and obesity
  2. A significant P-value (two-tailed) was defined as < 0.05
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BMC Medicine

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