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Table 2 The independent associations of green, blue space and natural environment with any psychiatric disorder (n = 363,047)

From: Exposure to residential green and blue space and the natural environment is associated with a lower incidence of psychiatric disorders in middle-aged and older adults: findings from the UK Biobank

Exposure

Person-years (PYs)

Psychiatric disorder (n)

Incidence rate, (n/1000 PYs, 95% CI)

Model 1, HR (95% CI)

Model 2, HR (95% CI)

Overall

4,180,295.3

49,865

11.93 (11.82–12.03)

  

Green space, 300 m buffer

 First tertile (the lowest)

1,378,805.6

17,062

12.37 (12.19–12.56)

Reference

Reference

 Second tertile

1,391,679.4

17,568

12.62 (12.44–12.81)

1.009 (0.988–1.031)

1.010 (0.988–1.031)

 Third tertile (the highest)

1,409,810.3

15,235

10.81 (10.64–10.98)

0.856 (0.837–0.875) ***

0.984 (0.961–1.006)

 Ordinal scale

   

0.927 (0.917–0.937) ***

0.992 (0.981–1.004)

Blue space, 300 m buffer

 First tertile (the lowest)

1,379,691.0

17,326

12.56 (12.37–12.75)

Reference

Reference

 Second tertile

1,397,693.1

16,310

11.67 (11.49–11.85)

0.920 (0.901–0.940) ***

0.983 (0.961–1.004)

 Third tertile (the highest)

1,402,911.2

16,229

11.57 (11.39–11.75)

0.913 (0.893–0.932) ***

0.973 (0.952–0.994) *

 Ordinal scale

   

0.955 (0.945–0.965) ***

0.986 (0.976–0.997) *

Natural environment, 300 m buffer

 First tertile (the lowest)

1,375,925.1

17,640

12.82 (12.63–13.01)

Reference

Reference

 Second tertile

1,402,678.0

17,160

12.23 (12.05–12.42)

0.941 (0.921–0.961) ***

1.003 (0.982–1.025)

 Third tertile (the highest)

1,401,692.2

15,065

10.75 (10.58–10.92)

0.818 (0.801–0.836) ***

0.970 (0.948–0.992) **

 Ordinal scale

   

0.905 (0.896–0.915) ***

0.985 (0.974–0.997) **

Green space, 1000 m buffer

 First tertile (the lowest)

1,371,142.3

17,556

12.80 (12.62–12.99)

Reference

Reference

 Second tertile

1,396,052.3

17,368

12.44 (12.26–12.63)

0.951 (0.932–0.972) ***

1.013 (0.991–1.035)

 Third tertile (the highest)

1,413,100.7

14,941

10.57 (10.41–10.74)

0.802 (0.785–0.820) ***

0.983 (0.960–1.007)

 Ordinal scale

   

0.897 (0.888–0.907) ***

0.992 (0.980–1.004)

Blue space, 1000 m buffer

 First tertile (the lowest)

1,387,287.6

16,938

12.21 (12.03–12.39)

Reference

Reference

 Second tertile

1,394,469.2

16,183

11.61 (11.43–11.79)

0.947 (0.927–0.968) ***

0.974 (0.953–0.995) *

 Third tertile (the highest)

1,398,538.5

16,744

11.97 (11.79–12.16)

0.977 (0.957–0.998) *

0.981 (0.960–1.002)

 Ordinal scale

   

0.988 (0.978–0.999) *

0.990 (0.980–1.001)

Natural environment, 1000 m buffer

 First tertile (the lowest)

1,370,786.7

18,053

13.17 (12.98–13.36)

Reference

Reference

 Second tertile

1,397,814.0

17,070

12.21 (12.03–12.40)

0.906 (0.887–0.925) ***

1.014 (0.992–1.036)

 Third tertile (the highest)

1,411,694.5

14,742

10.44 (10.28–10.61)

0.769 (0.752–0.786) ***

0.975 (0.952–0.999) *

 Ordinal scale

   

0.878 (0.868–0.887) ***

0.988 (0.976–1.000) *

  1. HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval
  2. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
  3. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was further adjusted for ethnicity, socioeconomic status, BMI, household income, education group, smoking status, alcohol drinker status, and physical activity
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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