Table 2 Trajectories of sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms, ADLs limitations, IADLs limitations, and multimorbidity status and risk of cognitive impairment

Sleep disturbances

 Low

877/3194 (27.5)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 High

353/1125 (31.4)

1.19 (1.05, 1.35)

1.05 (0.92, 1.19)

1.01 (0.89, 1.15)

Depressive symptoms

 Low

1062/3906 (27.2)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Increasing

168/413 (40.7)

1.80 (1.53, 2.12)

1.46 (1.23, 1.73)

1.39 (1.17, 1.65)

Multimorbidity status

 Low

569/2073 (27.4)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Increasing early

270/961 (28.1)

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

0.95 (0.82, 1.09)

0.95 (0.82, 1.10)

 Increasing late

313/1106 (28.3)

1.06 (0.92, 1.21)

0.94 (0.82, 1.08)

0.92 (0.80, 1.06)

 High

78/179 (43.6)

1.89 (1.49, 2.39)

1.51 (1.19, 1.92)

1.48 (1.16, 1.88)

ADLs limitations

 Low

1128/4080 (27.6)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Increasing

102/239 (42.7)

1.88 (1.54, 2.31)

1.40 (1.14, 1.73)

1.13 (0.88, 1.43)

IADLs limitations

 Low

1158/4193 (27.6)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

 Increasing

72/126 (57.1)

2.98 (2.34, 3.78)

2.06 (1.61, 2.63)

1.88 (1.43, 2.46)