Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Intervention (n = 287) | Control (n = 289) | |
|---|---|---|
Study site | ||
UK | 95 (33.1%) | 92 (31.8%) |
Singapore | 83 (28.9%) | 82 (28.4%) |
New Zealand | 109 (38.0%) | 115 (39.8%) |
Maternal ethnicitya | ||
White Caucasian | 174 (60.6%) | 167 (57.8%) |
Chinese | 70 (24.4%) | 73 (25.3%) |
South Asian | 16 (5.6%) | 15 (5.2%) |
Malay | 11 (3.8%) | 12 (4.2%) |
Others | 16 (5.6%) | 22 (7.6%) |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 5.1 | 25.1 ± 5.8 |
Maternal height (cm) | 164.6 ± 6.6 | 163.7 ± 7.0 |
Parityb | ||
Nulliparous | 166 (57.8%) | 201 (69.6%) |
Multiparous | 121 (42.2%) | 88 (30.4%) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||
None | 256 (89.2%) | 234 (81.0%) |
Passive smoking | 22 (7.7%) | 45 (15.6%) |
Active smoking | 9 (3.1%) | 10 (3.4%) |
Household income quintile | ||
5 (lowest) | 2 (0.4%) | 5 (0.9%) |
4 | 21 (3.7%) | 21 (3.7%) |
3 | 54 (9.4%) | 68 (11.8%) |
2 | 107 (18.6%) | 95 (16.5%) |
1 (highest) | 92 (16.0%) | 90 (15.6%) |
Not available | 11 (1.9%) | 10 (1.7%) |
Infant sex | ||
Male | 138 (48.1%) | 130 (45.0%) |
Female | 149 (51.9%) | 159 (55.0%) |
Gestational age (weeks)c | 39.3 ± 1.5 | 39.2 ± 1.7 |
Preterm | 15 (5.2%) | 27 (9.3%) |
Term | 269 (93.7%) | 260 (90.3%) |
Post-term | 3 (1.0%) | 2 (0.7%) |
Birthweight (g) | 3354 ± 524 | 3300 ± 542 |
Birthweight SDSd | 0.00 ± 0.92 | − 0.04 ± 0.93 |
SGA | 22 (7.7%) | 21 (7.3%) |
AGA | 244 (85.0%) | 246 (85.1%) |
LGA | 21 (7.3%) | 22 (7.6%) |
Any breastfeeding | ||
Yes | 273 (96.5%) | 275 (98.6%) |
No | 10 (3.5%) | 4 (1.4%) |
Missing | 4 | 10 |
Never exclusively breastfede | ||
Yes | 162 (57.5%) | 150 (54.4%) |
No | 120 (42.6%) | 126 (45.7%) |
Missing | 5 | 13 |
Exclusive breastfeeding duration (weeks)e,f | 7.7 ± 9.8 | 7.1 ± 9.7 |
Missing | 5 | 13 |
Any breastfeeding duration (weeks)f | 38.6 ± 18.2 | 36.1 ± 19.9 |
Missing | 5 | 10 |