Fig. 1

Risk of chronic complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus according to socioeconomic status (SES) quartiles

All analyses used the first quartile of socioeconomic status (SES) as reference. The multivariate analysis for non-fatal cardiovascular events showed an odds ratio of 3.31 (p = 0.009) in the second quartile, 3.34 (p = 0.007) in the third quartile, and 3.80 (p = 0.003) in the last quartile of SES compared to the first quartile. No differences were observed among the different SES quartiles in relation to the prevalence of nephropathy or diabetic retinopathy. The analyses were adjusted for sex, age, diabetes duration, insulin dose, body mass index, insulin pump use, and smoking