Fig. 4

Network correlation plot between socioeconomic, glycaemic control, diabetes chronic complications, and potential confounding variables

Only significant (p < 0.05) relationships are represented. The intensity of the blue color corresponds to the strength of positive correlations, while the intensity of the red color indicates the strength of negative correlations. BMI, body mass index; DI, deprivation Index; TIR, percentage of time in the range of 70–180 mg/dL; TBR < 70 mg/dL, percentage of time below 70 mg/dL; IHD, ischemic heart disease. This network plot illustrates the moderate association between socioeconomic parameters and glycemic control variables such as HbA1c and TIR, highlighting their association with common complications. Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular events exhibit a strong interrelation, correlated with disease duration and age. Active smoking is similarly associated with parameters indicating poor glycemic control (lower TIR and higher HbA1c), as well as complications like diabetic retinopathy. Daily scanning is positively associated with improved glycemic control but not with chronic complications