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  1. The term ‘lower value services’ concerns healthcare that is of little or no value to the patient and consequently should not be provided routinely, or not be provided at all. De-adoption of lower value care ma...

    Authors: Joost Johan Godert Wammes, M. Elske van den Akker-van Marle, Eva W. Verkerk, Simone A. van Dulmen, Gert P. Westert, Antoinette D. I. van Asselt and R. B. Kool
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:196
  2. Study of the relationships of alcohol drinking and risk of stroke can readily become mired in the labyrinthine interactions of drinking categorizations, non-linear associations, disparate cardiovascular condit...

    Authors: Arthur L. Klatsky and H. Nicole Tran
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:193
  3. Whether light-to-moderate alcohol consumption is protective against stroke, and whether any association differs by stroke type, is controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence from pro...

    Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Alice Wallin, Alicja Wolk and Hugh S. Markus
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:178
  4. To evaluate computer-based computer tomography (CT) analysis (CALIPER) against visual CT scoring and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) when predicting mortality in patients with connective tissue disease-related...

    Authors: Joseph Jacob, Brian J. Bartholmai, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Anne Laure Brun, Ryoko Egashira, Ronald Karwoski, Maria Kokosi, Athol U. Wells and David M. Hansell
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:190
  5. In people with psychosis, physical comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, are highly prevalent and leading contributors to the premature mortality encountered. However, little is known...

    Authors: Brendon Stubbs, Ai Koyanagi, Nicola Veronese, Davy Vancampfort, Marco Solmi, Fiona Gaughran, André F. Carvalho, John Lally, Alex J. Mitchell, James Mugisha and Christoph U. Correll
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:189
  6. Singapore is endemic for Dengue virus, with approximately 10,000 to 20,000 annual cases reported in recent years. In 2012, Chikungunya was introduced, although the numbers of cases reported is much fewer. The ...

    Authors: Dale Fisher and Jeffery Cutter
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:188
  7. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major threat to global TB control. MDR-TB treatment regimens typically have a high pill burden, last 20 months or more and often lead to unsatisfactory outcomes. ...

    Authors: James M. Trauer, Jay Achar, Nargiza Parpieva, Atadjan Khamraev, Justin T. Denholm, Dennis Falzon, Ernesto Jaramillo, Anita Mesic, Philipp du Cros and Emma S. McBryde
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:187
  8. A blood test that can detect human malignancy with high clinical sensitivity and specificity is highly desirable. To achieve this, a tumor marker is needed that correlates with tumor burden and that can be mea...

    Authors: Vathany Kulasingam and Eleftherios P. Diamandis
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:186
  9. Shock may complicate several acute childhood illnesses in hospitals within low-income countries and has a high case fatality. Hypovolemic shock secondary to diarrhoea/dehydration and septic shock are thought t...

    Authors: George Mbevi, Philip Ayieko, Grace Irimu, Samuel Akech and Mike English
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:184
  10. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is diagnosed when two out of the three primary MEN1-associated endocrine tumors occur in a patient. Up to 10–30 % of those patients have no mutation in the MEN1 gene. It...

    Authors: Joanne M. de Laat, Rob B. van der Luijt, Carolina R. C. Pieterman, Maria P. Oostveen, Ad R. Hermus, Olaf M. Dekkers, Wouter W. de Herder, Anouk N. van der Horst-Schrivers, Madeleine L. Drent, Peter H. Bisschop, Bas Havekes, Menno R. Vriens and Gerlof D. Valk
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:182
  11. Molecular intratumour heterogeneity (ITH) is common in clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCCs). However, it remains unknown whether this is mirrored by heterogeneity of drug responses between metastases in the sa...

    Authors: Shanthini M. Crusz, Yen Zhi Tang, Shah-Jalal Sarker, Warner Prevoo, Irfan Kiyani, Luis Beltran, John Peters, Anju Sahdev, Axel Bex, Thomas Powles and Marco Gerlinger
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:185
  12. Renal impairment is a major risk factor for mortality in various populations. Three formulas are frequently used to assess both glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or creatinine clearance (CrCl) and mortality pr...

    Authors: João Pedro Ferreira, Nicolas Girerd, Pierpaolo Pellicori, Kevin Duarte, Sophie Girerd, Marc A. Pfeffer, John J. V. McMurray, Bertram Pitt, Kenneth Dickstein, Lotte Jacobs, Jan A. Staessen, Javed Butler, Roberto Latini, Serge Masson, Alexandre Mebazaa, Hans Peter Brunner-La Rocca…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:181
  13. The introduction of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) into clinical practice has revolutionized the management of acid-related diseases. Studies in primary care and emergency settings suggest that PPIs are frequen...

    Authors: Carmelo Scarpignato, Luigi Gatta, Angelo Zullo and Corrado Blandizzi
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:179
  14. What does the future of medicine hold? We asked six researchers to share their most ambitious and optimistic views of the future, grounded in the present but looking out a decade or more from now to consider w...

    Authors: Paul Wicks, Matthew Hotopf, Vaibhav A. Narayan, Ethan Basch, James Weatherall and Muir Gray
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:176
  15. Maternal metabolism during pregnancy is a major determinant of the intra-uterine environment and fetal outcomes. Herein, we characterize the maternal urinary metabolome throughout pregnancy to identify materna...

    Authors: Léa Maitre, Cristina M. Villanueva, Matthew R. Lewis, Jesús Ibarluzea, Loreto Santa-Marina, Martine Vrijheid, Jordi Sunyer, Muireann Coen and Mireille B. Toledano
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:177
  16. Any damage to the brain may affect cognition. However, although the effects of vascular changes have been known for years, involvement of such changes is becoming increasingly better recognized. In particular ...

    Authors: Amos D. Korczyn
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:175
  17. Imaging is critical in the diagnosis and treatment of dementia, particularly in vascular cognitive impairment, due to the visualization of ischemic and hemorrhagic injury of gray and white matter. Magnetic res...

    Authors: Wolf-Dieter Heiss, Gary A. Rosenberg, Alexander Thiel, Rok Berlot and Jacques de Reuck
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:174
  18. Long before Alzheimer’s disease was established as the leading cause of dementia in old age, cerebrovascular lesions were known to cause cognitive deterioration and associated disability. Since the middle of t...

    Authors: Robert Perneczky, Oren Tene, Johannes Attems, Panteleimon Giannakopoulos, M. Arfan Ikram, Antonio Federico, Marie Sarazin and Lefkos T. Middleton
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:162
  19. Vascular depression is regarded as a subtype of late-life depression characterized by a distinct clinical presentation and an association with cerebrovascular damage. Although the term is commonly used in rese...

    Authors: Howard J. Aizenstein, Andrius Baskys, Maura Boldrini, Meryl A. Butters, Breno S. Diniz, Manoj Kumar Jaiswal, Kurt A. Jellinger, Lev S. Kruglov, Ivan A. Meshandin, Milija D. Mijajlovic, Guenter Niklewski, Sarah Pospos, Keerthy Raju, Kneginja Richter, David C. Steffens, Warren D. Taylor…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:161
  20. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem. Adequate management requires baseline drug-resistance prevalence data. In West Africa, due to a poor laboratory infrastructure and inadequate...

    Authors: Florian Gehre, Jacob Otu, Lindsay Kendall, Audrey Forson, Awewura Kwara, Samuel Kudzawu, Aderemi O. Kehinde, Oludele Adebiyi, Kayode Salako, Ignatius Baldeh, Aisha Jallow, Mamadou Jallow, Anoumou Dagnra, Kodjo Dissé, Essosimna A. Kadanga, Emmanuel Oni Idigbe…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:160
  21. The diagnostic scheme for psychiatric disorders is currently based purely on descriptive nomenclature given that biomarkers subtypes and clearly defined causal mechanisms are lacking for the vast majority of d...

    Authors: Marion Leboyer, Michael Berk, Robert H. Yolken, Ryad Tamouza, David Kupfer and Laurent Groc
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:173
  22. In 2012, the World Health Organization recommended the addition of single low-dose primaquine (SLDPQ, 0.25 mg base/kg body weight) to artemisinin combination therapies to block the transmission of Plasmodium falc...

    Authors: Rithea Leang, Naw Htee Khu, Mavuto Mukaka, Mark Debackere, Rupam Tripura, Soy Ty Kheang, Say Chy, Neeraj Kak, Philippe Buchy, Arnaud Tarantola, Didier Menard, Arantxa Roca-Felterer, Rick M. Fairhurst, Sim Kheng, Sinoun Muth, Song Ngak…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:171

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Medicine 2016 14:213

  23. The spatial relationship of glioblastoma (GBM) to the subventricular zone (SVZ) is associated with inferior patient survival. However, the underlying molecular phenotype is largely unknown. We interrogated an ...

    Authors: Christine Jungk, Andreas Mock, Janina Exner, Christoph Geisenberger, Rolf Warta, David Capper, Amir Abdollahi, Sara Friauf, Bernd Lahrmann, Niels Grabe, Philipp Beckhove, Andreas von Deimling, Andreas Unterberg and Christel Herold-Mende
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:170
  24. While clinical outcomes following immunotherapy have shown an association with tumor mutation load using whole exome sequencing (WES), its clinical applicability is currently limited by cost and bioinformatics...

    Authors: Jason Roszik, Lauren E. Haydu, Kenneth R. Hess, Junna Oba, Aron Y. Joon, Alan E. Siroy, Tatiana V. Karpinets, Francesco C. Stingo, Veera Baladandayuthapani, Michael T. Tetzlaff, Jennifer A. Wargo, Ken Chen, Marie-Andrée Forget, Cara L. Haymaker, Jie Qing Chen, Funda Meric-Bernstam…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:168
  25. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affects almost all organs and has been associated with reduced intestinal absorption of medicines. However, very limited information is available on the pharmacokinetic properti...

    Authors: Lise Denoeud-Ndam, Alassane Dicko, Elisabeth Baudin, Ousmane Guindo, Francesco Grandesso, Halimatou Diawara, Sibiri Sissoko, Koualy Sanogo, Seydou Traoré, Sekouba Keita, Amadou Barry, Martin de Smet, Estrella Lasry, Michiel Smit, Lubbe Wiesner, Karen I. Barnes…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:167
  26. Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) is a secreted adipokine recently identified as playing an important role in modulating systemic energy metabolism and the development of obesity-associated disorders. However, information i...

    Authors: Chengfu Cai, Mingzhu Lin, Yanfang Xu, Xuejun Li, Shuyu Yang and Huijie Zhang
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:165
  27. Rising rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are impending major threats to the health of African populations, but the extent to which they differ between rural and urban settings in Africa and upon migra...

    Authors: Charles Agyemang, Karlijn Meeks, Erik Beune, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Frank P. Mockenhaupt, Juliet Addo, Ama de Graft Aikins, Silver Bahendeka, Ina Danquah, Matthias B. Schulze, Joachim Spranger, Tom Burr, Peter Agyei-Baffour, Stephen K. Amoah, Cecilia Galbete, Peter Henneman…
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:166
  28. Out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenses often lead to catastrophic expenditure and impoverishment in low- and middle-income countries. Yet, there has been no systematic examination of which specific diseases and ...

    Authors: Stéphane Verguet, Solomon Tessema Memirie and Ole Frithjof Norheim
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:164
  29. High-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a high risk of recurrence and progression to muscle-invasive forms, which seems to be largely related to the presence of tumorigenic stem-like cell pop...

    Authors: Margarida Ferreira-Teixeira, Daniela Paiva-Oliveira, Belmiro Parada, Vera Alves, Vitor Sousa, Obinna Chijioke, Christian Münz, Flávio Reis, Paulo Rodrigues-Santos and Célia Gomes
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:163
  30. Newborn telomere length sets telomere length for later life. At birth, telomere length is highly variable among newborns and the environmental factors during in utero life for this observation remain largely unid...

    Authors: Dries S. Martens, Michelle Plusquin, Wilfried Gyselaers, Immaculata De Vivo and Tim S. Nawrot
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:148
  31. The prognostic significance of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in adult classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) remains controversial. Here, we report a meta-analysis of the association of CD68 and CD163 infiltrat...

    Authors: Baoping Guo, Hong Cen, Xiaohong Tan and Qing Ke
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:159
  32. Some recent research has suggested that health-related behaviours, such as smoking, might explain much of the socio-economic inequalities in coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. In a large prospective study of U...

    Authors: Sarah Floud, Angela Balkwill, Kath Moser, Gillian K. Reeves, Jane Green, Valerie Beral and Benjamin J. Cairns
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:145
  33. The human microbiome is the collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live on and in the human organism’s skin, mucosa, and intestinal tract. Re-examining commonly accepted ethical standards from the per...

    Authors: Rosamond Rhodes
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:156
  34. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (rCDI). It restores the disrupted intestinal microbiota and subsequently suppresses C. difficile. Th...

    Authors: Jonna Jalanka, Eero Mattila, Hanne Jouhten, Jorn Hartman, Willem M. de Vos, Perttu Arkkila and Reetta Satokari
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:155
  35. Whether testosterone treatment has benefits on body composition over and above caloric restriction in men is unknown. We hypothesised that testosterone treatment augments diet-induced loss of fat mass and prev...

    Authors: Mark Ng Tang Fui, Luke A. Prendergast, Philippe Dupuis, Manjri Raval, Boyd J. Strauss, Jeffrey D. Zajac and Mathis Grossmann
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:153
  36. Point-of-care blood C-reactive protein (CRP) testing has diagnostic value in helping clinicians rule out the possibility of serious infection. We investigated whether it should be offered to all acutely ill ch...

    Authors: Jan Y. Verbakel, Marieke B. Lemiengre, Tine De Burghgraeve, An De Sutter, Bert Aertgeerts, Bethany Shinkins, Rafael Perera, David Mant, Ann Van den Bruel and Frank Buntinx
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:131

    The Erratum to this article has been published in BMC Medicine 2017 15:93

  37. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is currently used as an ovarian reserve marker for individualized fertility counseling, but very little is known of individual AMH decline in women. This study assessed whether the...

    Authors: A. C. de Kat, Y. T. van der Schouw, M. J. C. Eijkemans, G. C. Herber-Gast, J. A. Visser, W. M. M. Verschuren and F. J. M. Broekmans
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:151
  38. The association of thyroid function with risk of type 2 diabetes remains elusive. We aimed to investigate the association of thyroid function with incident diabetes and progression from prediabetes to diabetes...

    Authors: Layal Chaker, Symen Ligthart, Tim I. M. Korevaar, Albert Hofman, Oscar H. Franco, Robin P. Peeters and Abbas Dehghan
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:150
  39. Corruption has been described as a disease. When corruption infiltrates global health, it can be particularly devastating, threatening hard gained improvements in human and economic development, international ...

    Authors: Tim K. Mackey, Jillian Clare Kohler, William D. Savedoff, Frank Vogl, Maureen Lewis, James Sale, Joshua Michaud and Taryn Vian
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:149
  40. Despite convincing evidence in the Mediterranean region, the cardiovascular benefit of the Mediterranean diet is not well established in non-Mediterranean countries and the optimal criteria for defining adhere...

    Authors: Tammy Y. N. Tong, Nicholas J. Wareham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Fumiaki Imamura and Nita G. Forouhi
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:135
  41. Birth weight, a marker of the intrauterine environment, has been extensively studied in epidemiological research in relation to subsequent health and disease. Although numerous meta-analyses have been publishe...

    Authors: Lazaros Belbasis, Makrina D. Savvidou, Chidimma Kanu, Evangelos Evangelou and Ioanna Tzoulaki
    Citation: BMC Medicine 2016 14:147